Tinder's First-Mover Strategic Thrust into the Online Dating Industry Resulted

Tinder's first-mover strategic thrust into the online dating industry resulted in a high payoff in all of the following except

A) pioneering rollout of the dating app on college campuses helped build up the firm's image and reputation and created strong brand loyalty.
B) users remained strongly loyal to Tinder because of incentives and switching cost barriers.
C) learning how to use Tinder was kept proprietary.
D) moving first constituted a preemptive strike, making competitive imitation very difficult or unlikely for rivals.
E) market uncertainties made it difficult for Tinder's founding team to ascertain whether or not the dating app would eventually succeed.