Which of the following is the best example of a confounding variable jeopardizing the internal validity of a study?

Question

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In this scenario, the confounding variable is the additional counseling received from the minister, which can potentially influence the outcome of the study. This variable was not controlled or accounted for in the study design, which jeopardizes the internal validity of the study. Option A describes a disagreement in factor-naming, which does not necessarily affect the internal validity of the study. Option C describes a control group that is not receiving treatment, but this is actually a common study design to ensure that any observed effects are attributable to the treatment and not simply to time passing. Option D describes a situation where there is a third variable causing the observed relationship between two other variables, which is an issue of external validity rather than internal validity.

Which of the Following Is the Best Example of a Confounding