Which of the following leads to an increase in the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking is known to decrease the levels of HDL cholesterol in the blood, while having little to no effect on LDL levels. Therefore, smoking increases the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol. Estrogens have been shown to lower LDL levels and increase HDL levels, leading to a decrease in the LDL:HDL ratio. Exercise and weight reduction are also associated with an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL, leading to a lower LDL:HDL ratio.

Which of the Following Leads to an Increase in the Ratio