In which management format does planning tend to be more formal and systematic?

Question

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In a professional manager system, planning tends to be more formal and systematic. This is because the professional managers are trained and experienced in utilizing planning techniques and strategies to achieve organizational goals. In a centralized structure, decision-making and planning may be more top-down and less formal, while in a corporate structure, planning may involve more collaboration and consultation with different departments and stakeholders. The owner-manager system may prioritize practical solutions over formal planning processes.

In Which Management Format Does Planning Tend to Be More