In response to court-ordered desegregation, the states of the Deep South responded with a carefully planned tactic known as

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Massive resistance was a strategy used by southern states to resist desegregation efforts. This involved enacting laws and policies meant to thwart court-ordered desegregation, such as closing public schools or offering support for private segregationist academies. The term "massive resistance" was first used by Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd in 1956, and it quickly gained widespread use throughout the South.

In Response to Court-Ordered Desegregation, the States of the Deep