When people vote for elected officials based on a shared identity like race or ethnicity, political scientists refer to this situation as

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Descriptive representation refers to electing officials who share the same identity as the voters, such as race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. This is different from substantive representation, which refers to electing officials who advocate for and represent the policy interests of their constituents, regardless of shared identity. Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms and values of their society, while polarization refers to the increasing ideological divide between political parties and their supporters. Selection bias refers to a biased sample or skewed data that does not accurately represent the population being studied.

When People Vote for Elected Officials Based on a Shared