When theorizing about social situations involving collective action, researchers often rely on the metaphor of the

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The metaphor of the prisoner's dilemma is often used in social situations involving collective action because it represents a situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest may not result in the best outcome for the group as a whole. This is a common problem in collective action situations where cooperation is necessary for the best outcome.

When Theorizing About Social Situations Involving Collective Action, Researchers Often