Predation and parasitism are examples of ecological interactions that are harmful at the individual level.

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Predation and parasitism both involve one organism benefiting at the expense of another organism. This can harm the individual being preyed upon or parasitized. However, it is important to note that these interactions can also have positive effects at the population or community level, such as controlling prey populations or facilitating nutrient cycling.

Predation and Parasitism Are Examples of Ecological Interactions That Are