Causality means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome.

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Causality refers to a relationship between a particular exposure (such as a risk factor or intervention) and a particular outcome that is not due to chance alone. In other words, the exposure is the cause of the outcome. However, establishing causality requires careful consideration of factors such as temporal sequence, strength of association, dose-response relationship, consistency, plausibility, coherence, and specificity, as well as the absence of alternative explanations, bias, and confounding.

Causality Means That a Particular Exposure Results in a Particular