Which of the Following Has NOT Been a Factor Deterring

Which of the following has NOT been a factor deterring Canadian bank expansion abroad?

A) The implementation of risk-based capital requirements effective in 1993.
B) The increased competition from the large Japanese banks through the mid-1990s.
C) The effects of the collapse of the financial markets in several emerging markets.
D) The ability of Canadian banks to achieve large excess capital positions in the second half of the 1990s.
E) The passage of the European Community Second Banking Derivative.