A 70-year-old patient with a history of hypertension has a blood pressure of 180/100 mm Hg and a heart rate of 90 beats per minute.The nurse hears an extra heart sound at the apex immediately before S₁.The sound is heard only with the bell of the stethoscope while the patient is in the left lateral position.With these findings and the patient's history, the nurse knows that this extra heart sound is most likely a(n):

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Pathological S₄ is termed the atrial gallop or S₄ gallop.It occurs with decreased compliance of the ventricle and with systolic overload (afterload), including outflow obstruction to the ventricle (aortic stenosis) and systemic hypertension.Left-sided S₄ occurs with these conditions and is heard best at the apex with the patient in the left lateral position.

A 70-Year-Old Patient with a History of Hypertension Has a Blood