Which of the Following Best Describes Social Identities in Places

Which of the following best describes social identities in places under imperial control?

A) Strong ethnic identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
B) Strong national identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed.
C) Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism.
D) Both strong national and ethnic identities had existed long before and survived imperialism.
E) Ethnic and national identities largely withered as a result of the imposition of the modern state.