In his seminal study of criminal groups in New York City,Ianni (1974)identified two basic forms of relationships among the individuals involved in these groups.Which of the following terms does he apply to criminal conspiracies that are held together by close personal relationships among members?

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Ianni applies the term "associational" to criminal conspiracies that are held together by close personal relationships among members. This refers to groups where members have strong personal ties, such as family or friends, that bind them together in the criminal enterprise.

In His Seminal Study of Criminal Groups in New York