Based on Map 5-2, the expansion of trade and technology

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Map 5-2 shows that the expansion of trade and technology originated in the north (Egypt, Mesopotamia) and spread generally south (to East Africa, West Africa, and the Horn of Africa). The map also indicates that this trade network was connected through rivers, deserts, and coastal ports, rather than centering on the Kalahari desert as a hub. There is no indication that trade and technology remained underdeveloped until European colonization.

Based on Map 5-2, the Expansion of Trade and Technology