The first millennium C.E. saw the rise of several sizable states in the western and central Sudan because of

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The rise of several sizable states in the western and central Sudan during the first millennium C.E. was primarily due to settled agricultural populations and the expansion of trade. This allowed for the development of large and powerful states such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, which relied on the wealth generated by trade and agriculture to support their economies and political structures. The failure of smaller trading stations such as Timbuktu and the decline of internal trade that promoted self-sufficiency may have played a role in the rise of these states, but they were not the primary reasons for their emergence.

The First Millennium C