According to the four-stage model of European commercial empires, exploration and conquest is followed by trade rivalry, which is followed in turn by

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According to the four-stage model of European commercial empires, exploration and conquest is followed by trade rivalry, which is followed by the establishment of formal empires, and finally, independence for the colonies. This is because formal empires are often unsustainable in the long-term and lead to nationalist movements that demand self-rule or independence. This pattern can be seen in the histories of European empires such as the British, French, and Spanish.

According to the Four-Stage Model of European Commercial Empires, Exploration