Two shipping companies, primarily involved with the transport for oil, decide to sign an agreement fixing their carrier prices. A court reviewing this conduct:

Question

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In determining whether an antitrust violation has occurred, then, courts look at whether the relationship is horizontal or vertical, and whether the behavior requires a per se or rule of reason analysis. Horizontal per se violations generally are looked at more stringently than vertical ones, and include price fixing, allocation of territory or customers, cartels, and group boycotts. Vertical per se violations include price fixing, tie-ins, and boycotts.

Two Shipping Companies, Primarily Involved with the Transport for Oil