Which of the Following Is Not One of the Reasons

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why the use of sales promotion has increased dramatically in recent years?

A) Declining brand loyalty has fostered an environment in which sales promotions aimed at persuading customers to switch brands are more effective.
B) Growing concerns about value have made customers more responsive to promotional offers, especially price discounts and point-of-purchase displays.
C) Retailers have gained more power in the supply chain and are demanding stronger promotional efforts from manufacturers to boost retail profits.
D) Wholesalers have gained more power in the supply chain and are demanding stronger promotional efforts from manufacturers to boost retail profits.
E) A stronger emphasis on improving short-term performance results calls for greater use of sales promotion methods that yield quick (although perhaps short-lived) sales increases.