At one time in Portland, Oregon, about one-fifth of the city's population consisted of various ethnic minorities, but only 12 percent of new construction employees were minorities. The city government responded, increasing minority group members' participation in public contracts with what type of program?

Question

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To correct the past exclusion of women and minorities, companies introduced affirmative action, which includes special efforts to recruit and hire qualified members of groups that have been discriminated against in the past. Portland city officials used this type of program to increase minority participation in public contracts.

At One Time in Portland, Oregon, About One-Fifth of the City's