Oral bioavailability of opioids is primarily limited by

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The opioids undergo variable first-pass metabolism in the liver or intestinal cell wall,which reduces their bioavailability.Most opioid analgesic agents are absorbed well when taken orally.Opiates need to be available before they cause the side effects of nausea and vomiting.Most opioids are excreted through the kidneys,but this action does not selectively affect their availability after oral administration.

Oral Bioavailability of Opioids Is Primarily Limited by