Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward ______ level.

Question

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Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward individual level. This is because deterrence is most effective at the individual level, where people can be directly influenced by the threat of punishment or reward. Research has shown that individual-level deterrence strategies, such as increasing the perceived certainty and severity of punishment, can be more effective than group or national-level approaches.

Deterrence Research Has Shifted Away from Aggregate Level Units of Analysis