All of the following are relevant to the investigation of leadership in the now classic Haire,Ghiselli,and Porter study except:

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Researchers investigated four areas relevant to leadership: 1. Capacity for leadership and initiative. Does the leader believe that employees prefer to be directed and have little ambition (Theory X), or does the leader believe that characteristics such as initiative can be acquired by most people regardless of their inborn traits and abilities (Theory Y)?
2. Sharing information and objectives. Does the leader believe that detailed, complete instructions should be given to subordinates and that subordinates need only this information to do their jobs, or does the leader believe that general directions are sufficient and that subordinates can use their initiative in working out the details?
3. Participation. Does the leader support participative leadership practices?
4. Internal control. Does the leader believe that the most effective way to control employees is through rewards and punishment or that employees respond best to internally generated control?

All of the Following Are Relevant to the Investigation of Leadership