Andrews and Bonta's Personal,Interpersonal and Community Reinforcement Theory of crime (PIC-R) emphasizes that criminal behaviour is determined by:

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The Personal, Interpersonal and Community Reinforcement Theory of crime (PIC-R) emphasizes that criminal behavior is determined by both antecedents (such as family and social background) and the consequences of the behavior, including rewards and punishments. Therefore, both options A and B are too narrow in their focus, and option C is only addressing the consequences of behavior. Option D is the best choice as it encompasses the full scope of the PIC-R theory.

Andrews and Bonta's Personal,Interpersonal and Community Reinforcement Theory of Crime