Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with:

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Research has shown that individuals with major depression often have dysregulation within the HPA system, such as elevated cortisol levels and impaired negative feedback mechanisms. While abnormalities in the HPA system have also been observed in other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and panic disorder, they are not as consistently found as in major depression. Mania is characterized by elevated mood and energy levels, and while stress can trigger manic episodes, there is not as much evidence linking abnormalities in the HPA system with mania.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)system Abnormalities Exist in a Large Percentage of Individuals