Which of the following approaches have tested the gene-delinquency association?

Question

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All of the given approaches (twin studies, adoption studies, and parental deviance) have been used to test the gene-delinquency association. Twin studies investigate the genetic influence on delinquency by comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. Adoption studies examine the role of both genetic and environmental factors in delinquency by comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents. Lastly, parental deviance studies explore the relationship between parents' criminal behavior and their children's delinquency, indicating a potential genetic influence.

Which of the Following Approaches Have Tested the Gene-Delinquency Association