Correlation and causation can be confused in which of the following ways?

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All three ways can lead to confusion between correlation and causation. Correlation without causation occurs when two variables appear to be related, but their relationship is not causal. Omitted variables occur when there are other variables that affect both the cause and effect that are not accounted for, and can lead to a false causal relationship between the two variables. Reverse causality occurs when the direction of causation is reversed from what is assumed, and can lead to incorrect conclusions about cause and effect.

Correlation and Causation Can Be Confused in Which of the Following