When a bid price for audit services by an audit firm is quoted at an unreasonably low level to win the tender, with any unrecovered audit costs recovered subsequently through other services or by other means, it is called:

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This is a strategy of offering an unreasonably low bid price to win the tender, with the intention of recovering the costs through other means. This is known as low-balling. Opinion shopping refers to the practice of seeking multiple audit opinions until the desired opinion is obtained. Tender fixing involves collusion between audit firms to manipulate the tender process, while kick-backs involve offering bribes or illegal incentives to obtain a contract.

When a Bid Price for Audit Services by an Audit