When a nonexperimental method is used for a study, there is a danger that no causal relationship exists between the two variables being studied. This phenomenon is known as a(n) _____ relationship.

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A spurious relationship occurs when there appears to be a relationship between two variables, but in reality, there is no causal relationship. This can occur when using nonexperimental methods since the variables are not manipulated or controlled. Confounded variables refer to a situation where the effects of two variables cannot be distinguished from each other. Operational variables refer to how a variable is defined or measured. Curvilinear relationships refer to a relationship between two variables that is not linear.

When a Nonexperimental Method Is Used for a Study, There