Claims and defenses to payment of an instrument that go to the validity of an instrument are known as real defenses.

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Real defenses are claims and defenses that challenge the validity of an instrument, such as forgery, fraud, incapacity, illegality, and discharge. They are different from personal defenses, which do not challenge the validity of the instrument but rather relate to the relationship between the parties involved, such as breach of contract or breach of warranty.

Claims and Defenses to Payment of an Instrument That Go