China Fell Behind Technologically During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties in large part because

A) of the collapse of the civil service examination system.
B) the Europeans refused to share their advanced technology with the Chinese.
C) of a massive Qing-forced exile of intellectuals as part of a governmental crackdown.
D) of the efforts of an ingenious Japanese spy network.
E) the governments favored political and social stability over technological innovation.