In the study conducted by Miller and Monge,a substantial difference was observed between field and laboratory studies.One reason for this could be that the laboratory studies typically involved:

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The best choice is D because the study found that laboratory studies typically involved a simple and well-defined manipulated task, which may not accurately reflect real-world situations. This is in contrast to field studies that involve more complex and varied situations. This difference in study design could explain the substantial difference observed between field and laboratory studies.

In the Study Conducted by Miller and Monge,a Substantial Difference