The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

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Pyrogens are substances that can induce fever by affecting the hypothalamus, which is the temperature-regulating center of the brain. Pyrogens can be endogenous, produced by the body itself in response to infections or other stimuli, or exogenous, such as pathogens or their products. Examples of endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while exogenous pyrogens can include bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and other microorganisms.

The Circulating Substances That Affect the Hypothalamus and Initiate Fever