A strategy some athletes use to proactively protect their self-esteem by creating excuses for forthcoming events (e.g. ,adopting impediments to success).

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Self-handicapping is the strategy some athletes use to proactively protect their self-esteem by creating excuses for forthcoming events, such as adopting impediments to success. This is done to avoid potential failure and maintain their self-esteem, even if they perform poorly. Confidence building (B), cognitive restructuring (C), and imagery training (D) are different strategies for mental preparation and performance enhancement in sports.

A Strategy Some Athletes Use to Proactively Protect Their Self-Esteem