suggests women's higher rates of internalizing disorders and men's higher rates of externalizing disorders are due to

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Gender socialization refers to the societal and cultural expectations and norms that are placed on individuals based on their gender. These expectations can lead to differences in the types of experiences and stressors that men and women face, which in turn can contribute to differences in the manifestation of mental health symptoms. For example, women may be more likely to internalize their distress because they are socialized to be more emotionally expressive and to prioritize the needs of others, while men may be more likely to externalize their distress because they are socialized to be more aggressive and to assert their dominance. Substance abuse, inadequate mothering, and personality disorders may play a role in the development of mental health disorders, but they are not the primary explanation for gender differences in symptom manifestation.

Suggests Women's Higher Rates of Internalizing Disorders and Men's Higher