In promoting papal reform, Gregory VII (1073-1085) asserted that

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Gregory VII believed in the concept of papal supremacy, meaning that the pope had ultimate authority over all Christian rulers in spiritual matters. Therefore, he asserted that all Christian princes must answer to the pope in spiritual matters. He also opposed lay investiture, the practice of secular rulers appointing church officials, as this undermined the independence of the Church. He did not advocate for the abolition of the College of Cardinals, the legalization of simony, or involvement of emperors and kings in the election of the pope.

In Promoting Papal Reform, Gregory VII (1073-1085) Asserted That