In 1990, Roche, a Swiss Pharmaceutical Company, Initially Invested $2

In 1990, Roche, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, initially invested $2.1 billion to purchase a controlling interest in the biotech startup Genentech. In 2009, after witnessing the success of Genentech's drug discovery and development projects, Roche spent $47 billion to purchase the remaining minority interest in Genentech, making it a wholly owned subsidiary. In terms of strategic alliances, this scenario best indicates

A) the real-options perspective.
B) co-opetition.
C) explicit knowledge.
D) the stakeholder strategy.