With which data collection method(s)does the researcher gather information without conducting an experiment?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Descriptive studies gather information through observation or surveys without manipulating any variables or conducting experiments. Manipulative experiments involve manipulating variables, while naturalistic experiments observe phenomena in their natural setting but still involve manipulation of variables. Therefore, A is the only choice where no experiment is conducted.

With Which Data Collection Method(s)does the Researcher Gather Information Without