Cell extracts from which organism that could carry out fermentation caused vitalism to be questioned?

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In the 19th century, it was believed that life processes could only be carried out by living beings and that there was a mysterious "vital force" that made living things different from non-living things. However, experiments carried out by Louis Pasteur with yeast cells showed that extracts of these cells could carry out fermentation even when separated from the living cells. This challenged the notion of vitalism and paved the way for the development of biochemistry as a scientific discipline.

Cell Extracts from Which Organism That Could Carry Out Fermentation