A document's authentication may be established in which of the following ways?

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Non-expert testimony by a witness with knowledge of the document is a common way to establish a document's authentication. The witness must be able to confirm that the document is what it purports to be and that it was created or signed by the purported author. Hearsay testimony is generally not admissible to authenticate a document, and the best evidence rule primarily relates to the admissibility of copies of documents rather than their authentication. While some documents, such as public records or official government publications, may be self-authenticating under certain circumstances, this is not applicable to all documents.

A Document's Authentication May Be Established in Which of the Following