Which of the following events caused a climate of intellectual skepticism in middle-class men and women of the era?

Question

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The Great Schism of the Catholic Church, which resulted in there being two rival popes, created a climate of intellectual skepticism as it caused many people to question the authority of the church and its teachings. This skepticism led to the rise of humanism and the development of individualism and secularism, which helped pave the way for the Renaissance era. The Black Death and the Hundred Years' War may have caused significant social and political changes in medieval Europe, but they did not directly contribute to the intellectual skepticism among middle-class men and women of the era.

Which of the Following Events Caused a Climate of Intellectual