Which of the following initiated a variant form of literary realism known as naturalism?

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Emile Zola initiated a variant form of literary realism known as naturalism. He believed that humans were shaped by their environment and that their behavior was largely determined by biological and social factors beyond their control. He sought to portray the realities of life in a scientific, objective manner, often depicting the harsh and difficult lives of ordinary people in his writing.

Which of the Following Initiated a Variant Form of Literary