Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction, is directly influenced by factors that affect the heart's physical ability to pump blood. These include total peripheral resistance (A), which can affect afterload; cardiac contractility (C), which influences the strength of heart contractions; and end-diastolic volume (EDV) (D), which affects preload. Emotional stress (B), while it can influence heart rate and overall cardiovascular function through the release of stress hormones, does not directly affect the stroke volume in the mechanical sense that the other options do. Emotional stress primarily influences heart rate and blood pressure through neurohormonal mechanisms rather than altering the stroke volume directly.

Stroke Volume Is Affected by All of the Following EXCEPT