The Table Below Shows Annual Profits Received by Two Oligopolists

The table below shows annual profits received by two oligopolists, Alpha and Beta, depending on whether each company decides whether to live within the collusive agreement they have signed to charge a high price, or to cheat and charge a lower price.

$\begin{array}{}& \text {beta's Strategies }\\ \text {AlPHA'sStrategies }&\begin{array}{|l|c|c|}\hline & \begin{array}{c}\text { Don't } \\\text { }\end{array} & \text { Cheat } \\\hline \text { Don'tCheat} & \begin{array}{c}\text { B: } \$ 5 \mathrm{~m} \\\text { A: } \$ 5 \mathrm{~m}\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}\text { B: } \$ 6 \mathrm{~m} \\\text { A } \$ 3 \mathrm{~m}\end{array} \\\hline & \begin{array}{c}\text { B: } \$ 3 \mathrm{~m}\end{array} & \text { B: } \$ 4 \mathrm{~m} \\ \text { Cheat } & \$ 6 \mathrm{~m} & \text { A: } \$ 4 \mathrm{~m} \\\hline\end{array}\\\end{array}$
-Which of the following practices does not require proof that the actions taken "unduly restrain competition?"

A) conspiracy
B) abuse of a dominant position
C) predatory pricing
D) mergers
E) bid-rigging