Regulations restricting branching have promoted the development of what two financial innovations?

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Regulations restricting branching have promoted the development of bank holding companies, which allowed banks to own subsidiaries in other geographic locations without opening a physical branch. This led to the development of nationwide banking. Additionally, with limited brick-and-mortar locations, automated teller machines (ATMs) became more prevalent, allowing customers to access their accounts outside of bank branches.

Regulations Restricting Branching Have Promoted the Development of What Two