The tendency of hard-core Republicans to believe that all of the economic developments under the Obama presidency have been detrimental to the nation illustrates the

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Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or assumptions. In this case, hard-core Republicans have a preexisting belief that Obama's presidency has been detrimental to the nation, and they selectively interpret information about the economy in a way that supports this belief. They may discount or ignore evidence that contradicts their belief, leading to a confirmation bias. The framing effect is the influence that the way information is presented can have on our decision making, the overconfidence effect is the tendency to overestimate one's abilities or the accuracy of one's beliefs, and the availability heuristic refers to making decisions based on the most easily available or salient information. While these biases may also be relevant in this context, confirmation bias is the most directly applicable.

The Tendency of Hard-Core Republicans to Believe That All of the Economic