In the 1960's, Lemuel Boulware determined General Electric's desired contract based on a careful financial analysis and a survey of the employees. He then crafted a "take it or leave it" proposal, presented it to the union, and refused to engage in discussions over the contract proposal. This is best described as an extreme example of:

Question

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This approach is an example of surface bargaining, where an employer goes through the motions of negotiations without a genuine intent to reach an agreement, essentially presenting a final offer without open negotiations.

In the 1960's, Lemuel Boulware Determined General Electric's Desired Contract