Why did the Carolingian empire collapse during the ninth century?

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All of these factors contributed to the collapse of the Carolingian empire. The empire had expanded to its structural limits, and the division of the empire among all of Louis's heirs weakened its power. Viking raids also posed a significant threat to the empire, leading to the deterioration of its infrastructure and security. Additionally, the loyalty that the vassals held towards Charlemagne waned after his death, leading to a decline in support for the empire.

Why Did the Carolingian Empire Collapse During the Ninth Century