In an Independent Supply Chain,the Participants Collaborate Solely on the Interactions

In an independent supply chain,the participants collaborate solely on the interactions between the immediate customer and supplier.On the other hand,in a vertical marketing system:

A) firms work together with a common focus on the customer or operation of the supply chain.
B) ownership may overlap,but the emphasis is on working toward common goals and objectives.
C) long-term relationships are more important than gaining a temporary advantage.
D) supply chain members work as a unified system.
E) All of these.