Strategic alliances with suppliers was pioneered in:

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Strategic alliances with suppliers were pioneered in Japan by large auto companies such as Toyota. This approach, known as keiretsu, involved forming long-term relationships with suppliers and working closely with them to improve quality and reduce costs. This model became a key part of Japan's success in the global automotive industry in the 1980s and 1990s. While other regions and industries have since adopted similar strategies, Japan was the originator of this approach to supply chain management.

Strategic Alliances with Suppliers Was Pioneered In