Empirical evidence suggests the relationship between income levels and pollution is not a linear one-rather it is an inverted U-shaped relationship-implying that international trade,and the growth that results from it,may not be damaging to the environment.Important exceptions to this trend are:

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In developed nations such as the United States and United Kingdom,the air is much cleaner than it was half a century ago.This data suggests that international trade,and the growth that results from it,may not be damaging to the environment.However,carbon dioxide emissions do rise with income levels.Thus,the country with the highest income per capita,the United States,also produces the greatest carbon dioxide emissions per capita.

Empirical Evidence Suggests the Relationship Between Income Levels and Pollution